Questions tagged [polynomials]
In mathematics, a polynomial is an expression consisting of variables (or indeterminates) and coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and non-negative integer exponents.
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questions
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In R formulas, why do I have to use the I() function on power terms, like y ~ I(x^3)
I'm trying to get my head around the use of the tilde operator, and associated functions. My 1st question is why does I() need to be used to specify arithmetic operators? For example, these 2 plots ...
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34votes
2answers
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What does the capital letter "I" in R linear regression formula mean?
I haven't been able to find an answer to this question, largely because googling anything with a standalone letter (like "I") causes issues.
What does the "I" do in a model like this?
data(rock)
lm(...
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18votes
5answers
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Cannot understand with sklearn's PolynomialFeatures
Need help in sklearn's Polynomial Features. It works quite well with one feature but whenever I add multiple features, it also outputs some values in the array besides the values raised to the power ...
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13votes
2answers
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Roots of a polynomial mod a prime
I'm looking for a speedy algorithm to find the roots of a univariate polynomial in a prime finite field.
That is, if f = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ... + anxn (n > 0) then an algorithm that finds all r < ...
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13votes
2answers
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Fast factorization of polynomial with integers coefficients
I want to fast decompose polynomial over ring of integers (original polynomial has integer coefficients and all of factors have integer coefficients).
For example I want to decompose 4*x^6 + 20*x^5 + ...
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10votes
2answers
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Sympy: Drop higher order terms in polynomial
Using Sympy, say we have an expression f, which is a polynomial of the Symbol "x" (and of potentially other symbols).
I would like to know what if there is an efficient way to drop all terms in f of ...
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10votes
2answers
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Fitting a polynomial using np.polyfit in 3 dimensions
I have an array of data, with dimensions (N,3) for some integer N, that specifies the trajectory of a particle in 3D space, i.e. each row entry is the (x,y,z) coordinates of the particle. This ...
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10votes
1answer
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How to rewrite an expression in terms of an other expression in sympy
EDIT: I am not asking how to solve an equation in terms of a given variable (as in this supposed duplicated question), but how to represent an expression in terms of an other one, as specified in the ...
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10votes
4answers
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Map which allows to provide the equals-comparator and the hashing function separately
While trying to model polynomials, in particular their multiplication, I run into the following problem. During the multiplication, the individual monomials of the two polynomials are multiplied and ...
- 3,998
10votes
2answers
520views
Ratio of polynomials approximation
I am trying to fit a polynomial to my dataset, which looks like that (full dataset is at the end of the post):
The theory predicts that the formulation of the curve is:
which looks like this (for x ...
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9votes
2answers
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Color calibration with color checker using using Root-Polynomial Regression not giving correct results
For a quantification project, I am in need of colour corrected images which produce the same result over and over again irrespective of lighting conditions.
Every image includes a X-Rite color-checker ...
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9votes
1answer
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SymPy polynomials over finite fields
import sympy as S
F = S.FiniteField(101)
When I call f = S.poly(y ** 2 - x ** 3 - x - 1,F) I get the following error:
'FiniteField' object has no attribute 'is_commutative'
But finite fields are ...
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8votes
5answers
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How to fit a polynomial with some of the coefficients constrained?
Using NumPy's polyfit (or something similar) is there an easy way to get a solution where one or more of the coefficients are constrained to a specific value?
For example, we could find the ordinary ...
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8votes
2answers
2kviews
Python equivalent to R poly() function?
I'm trying to understand how to replicate the poly() function in R using scikit-learn (or other module).
For example, let's say I have a vector in R:
a <- c(1:10)
And I want to generate 3rd ...
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8votes
3answers
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efficient way to take powers of a vector
I wrote a code that numerically uses Legendre polynomials up to some high n-th order. For example:
....
case 8
p = (6435*x.^8-12012*x.^6+6930*x.^4-1260*x.^2+35)/128; return
case 9
...
If the ...
user2041376
8votes
1answer
914views
A few questions about CRC basics
I am an electronic engineer and have not found it important to consider CRC from a purely mathematical perspective. However, I have the following questions:
Why do we add n zeros to the message when ...
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8votes
1answer
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Bairstow's method initial quadratic approximations
Bairstow's root finding method needs very good initial approximations for the quadratic factors in order to converge.
I tried various constants, random numbers, fractions out of the trailing ...
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7votes
3answers
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Get the inverse function of a polyfit in numpy
I have fit a second order polynomial to a number of x/y points in the following way:
poly = np.polyfit(x, y, 2)
How can I invert this function in python, to get the two x-values corresponding to a ...
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7votes
3answers
526views
How to find polynomial roots correctly?
Consider a polynomial such as:
p = [1 -9 27 -27];
obviously the real root is 3:
polyval(p,3)
0
While using the roots function
q = roots([1 -9 27 -27]);
with format short:
q =
3.0000 + 0....
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7votes
2answers
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Fit 3D Polynomial Surface with Python
I have a python code that calculates z values dependent on x and y values. Overall, I have 7 x-values and 7 y-values as well as 49 z-values that are arranged in a grid (x and y correspond each to one ...
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7votes
1answer
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Fitting a polynomial with a known intercept
I am using lm(y~poly(x,2)) to fit a second-order polynomial to my data. But I just couldn't find a way to specify a known intercept value. How can I fit a polynomial model with a known intercept value ...
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7votes
3answers
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Collecting like term of an expression in Sympy
I am currently dealing with functions of more than one variable and need to collect like terms in an attempt to simplify an expression.
Say the expression is written as follows:
x = sympy.Symbol('x')...
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6votes
3answers
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List of coefficients to polynomial
How do I create a polynomial out of a list of coefficients in SymPy?
For example, given a list [1, -2, 1] I would like to get Poly(x**2 - 2*x + 1). I tried looking at the docs but could not find ...
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6votes
1answer
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Coefficients of polynomials maxima
Is there a built-in function in maxima to get from a polynomial function a list with its coefficients? And to get the degree of the polynomial?
The most similar function I found is args, but it also ...
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6votes
2answers
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numpy calculate polynom efficiently
I'm trying to evaluate polynomial (3'd degree) using numpy.
I found that doing it by simpler python code will be much more efficient.
import numpy as np
import timeit
m = [3,7,1,2]
f = lambda m,x: ...
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6votes
1answer
411views
How is naive evaluation of polynomials bad for accuracy?
In this Code Review answer:
https://codereview.stackexchange.com/a/59405/11633
I found the following (nested quote ahead!):
Let me quote the wonderful book Numerical Recipes in C++ (but also ...
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6votes
3answers
846views
Function for polynomials of arbitrary order (symbolic method preferred)
I've found polynomial coefficients from my data:
R <- c(0.256,0.512,0.768,1.024,1.28,1.437,1.594,1.72,1.846,1.972,2.098,2.4029)
Ic <- c(1.78,1.71,1.57,1.44,1.25,1.02,0.87,0.68,0.54,0.38,0.26,0....
user4489658
6votes
1answer
189views
How to analyse a sparse adjacency matrix?
I am researching sparse adjacency matrices where most cells are zeros and some ones here-and-there, each relationship between two cells has a polynomial description that can be very long and their ...
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1answer
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Should I use numpy.polyfit or numpy.polynomial.polyfit or numpy.polynomial.polynomial.Polynomial?
What is the difference between
https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.polyfit.html
and
https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polyfit....
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4answers
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How to detect in real time a "knee/elbow" (maximal curvature) in a curve
In the following curve (blue line) I'm trying to detect the "knee/elbow" which should be located around x = 2.5
This is the set of values I'm using:
x = {-10, -9, -8, -7, -6, -5, -4, -3, -...
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6votes
1answer
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When can the Master Theorem actually be applied?
I am quite frustrated over this.
In CLRS 3rd edition, page 95 (chapter 4.5), it mentions that recurrences like
T(n) = 2T(n/2) + n lg n
cannot be solved with the Master Theorem because the ...
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5votes
1answer
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High (or very high) order polynomial regression in R (or alternatives?)
I would like to fit a (very) high order regression to a set of data in R, however the poly() function has a limit of order 25.
For this application I need an order on the range of 100 to 120.
model &...
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5votes
1answer
3kviews
Export fitted regression splines (constructed by 'bs' or 'ns') as piecewise polynomials
Take for instance the following one-knot, degree two, spline:
library(splines)
library(ISLR)
fit.spline <- lm(wage~bs(age, knots=c(42), degree=2), data=Wage)
summary(fit.spline)
I see estimates ...
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5votes
3answers
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How to find the best degree of polynomials?
I'm new to Machine Learning and currently got stuck with this.
First I use linear regression to fit the training set but get very large RMSE. Then I tried using polynomial regression to reduce the ...
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5votes
3answers
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Polynomial function cannot be solved by Python sympy
I have problems by solving a polynomial function with sympy. The following example shows a case which gives an error message that I cannot manage. If the polynomial gets simpler the solver works ...
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5votes
1answer
561views
Why is Numpy inconsistent in ordering polynomial coefficients by degree?
numpy.polynomial.polynomial.Polynomial stores polynomial coefficients in order of increasing degree, while numpy.poly1d stores polynomial coefficients in order of decreasing degree.
Is there a reason ...
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5votes
3answers
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Checking the error detection capabilities of CRC polynomials
I tried to find out how to calculate the error detection capabilities of arbitrary CRC polynomials.
I know that there are various error detection capabilities that may (or may not) apply to an ...
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5votes
2answers
507views
numpy polynomial.Polynomial.fit() gives different coefficients than polynomial.polyfit()
I do not understand why polynomial.Polynomial.fit() gives coefficients very different from the expected coefficients :
import numpy as np
x = np.linspace(0, 10, 50)
y = x**2 + 5 * x + 10
print(np....
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5votes
1answer
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Confidence interval of polynomial regression
I have a little issue with R and statistics.
I fitted a model with the Maximum Likelihood method, who gave me the following coefficients with their respective Standard Errors (among other parameters ...
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5votes
1answer
50views
How to create Polynomial Ring which has Float coefficients Julia
I want to create a polynomial ring which has float Coefficients like this. I can create with integers but, Floats does not work.
using Oscar
S, (a,b,c,d) = PolynomialRing(QQ,["a","b&...
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5votes
1answer
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Yun's algorithm
I would like to try to implement Yun's algorithm for square-free factorization of polynomials. From Wikipedia (f is the polynomial):
a0 = gcd(f, f'); b1 = f/a0; c1 = f'/a0; d1 = c1 - b1'; i = 1
...
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5votes
1answer
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Java library for estimating a polynomial based on a set of points
The polynomial's degree should be # of points - 1 e.g. if there are 2 points given it should be a line.
I know I can solve this using a matrix
e.g. if there are 4 points:
the polynomial would be y ...
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5votes
1answer
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Plotly: How to add polynomial fit line to plotly go.scatter figure using a DASH callback?
I'd like to add a polynomial curve to a scatter plot that is rendered using a callback.
Following is my callback function which returns the scatter plot.
@app.callback(Output('price-graph', 'figure'),
...
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5votes
1answer
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How to exclude values from a polynomial fit?
I fit a polynomial to my data, as shown in the figure:
Using the script:
from scipy.optimize import curve_fit
import scipy.stats
from scipy import asarray as ar,exp
xdata = xvalues
ydata = ...
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5votes
1answer
1kviews
Solving polynomials with complex coefficients using sympy
I'm very new to python so forgive me if this has a simple fix. I'm trying to solve polynomials with complex coefficients using sympy. I find that I get a blank output if k is 'too complicated'... I'm ...
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5votes
2answers
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Naive Recursive Algorithm for Polynomial Multiplication in Python
I am trying to implement the divide-and-conquer algorithm for polynomial multiplication. Here is the pseudocode given in the lecture notes:
where A, B are lists of coefficients of each polynomial, n ...
5votes
1answer
1kviews
Reading a text file and converting them into polynomials
I currently have a text file as follows:
3 5 6 9
3 4 6 7 2
3 5 7 2 5 3
The file when read into java should be displayed as 3x^5 + 6x^9. The second line would be read as 4x^4 + 6x^7 + 2. The cannot ...
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5votes
2answers
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How do you make R poly() evaluate (or "predict") multivariate new data (orthogonal or raw)?
With the poly function in R, how do I evaluate a multivariate polynomial?
This post has 4 questions total, highlighted below.
I'm seeking to evaluate the output of a poly()-output object (orthogonal ...
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5votes
1answer
829views
Why does Sympy cut off polynomial terms with small coefficients?
I am trying to convert an expression containing terms with various degrees of a symbolic variable z_s into a polynomial in python using sympy.Poly() so that I can then extract the coefficients using ....
5votes
1answer
178views
Optimizing a set of polynomials for computation speed
I have a set of polynomial expressions produced by a computer algebra system (CAS). For example, this is one element of this set.
-d*d*l*l*q-b*b*l*l*q+2*d*f*j*l*q+2*b*f*h*l*q-f*f*j*j*q-b*b*j*j*q+2*b*...
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